The Code of Justinian (Codex Justinianus)

The Code of Justinian (in Latin, Codex Justinianus) is a substantial collection of laws compiled under the sponsorship of Justinian I, ruler of the Byzantine Empire. Although the laws passed during Justinians reign would be included, the Codex was not a completely new legal code, but an aggregation of existing laws, portions of the historic opinions of great Roman legal experts, and an outline of law in general. Work began on the Code shortly after Justinian took the throne in 527. While much of it was completed by the mid-530s, because the Code included new laws, parts of it were regularly revised to include those new laws, up until 565. There were four books that comprised the Code: Codex Constitutionum, the Digesta, the Institutiones and the Novellae Constitutiones Post Codicem. The Codex Constitutionum The Codex Constitutionum was the first book to be compiled. In the first few months of Justinians reign, he appointed a commission of ten jurists to review all the laws, rulings and decrees issued by the emperors. They reconciled contradictions, weeded out obsolete laws, and adapted archaic laws to their contemporary circumstances. In 529 the results of their efforts were published in 10 volumes and disseminated throughout the empire. All imperial laws not contained in the Codex Constitutionum were repealed. In 534 a revised codex was issued that incorporated the legislation Justinian had passed in the first seven years of his reign. This Codex Repetitae Praelectionis was comprised of 12 volumes. The  Digesta The Digesta (also known as the Pandectae) was begun in 530 under the direction of Tribonian, an esteemed jurist appointed by the emperor. Tribonian created a commission of 16 attorneys who combed through the writings of every recognized legal expert in imperial history. They culled whatever they though was of legal value and selected one extract (and occasionally two) on each legal point. They then combined them into an immense collection of 50 volumes, subdivided into segments according to subject. The resulting work was published in 533. Any juridical statement that wasnt included in the Digesta was not considered binding, and in future it would no longer be a valid basis for legal citation. The  Institutiones When Tribonian (along with his commission) had finished the Digesta, he turned his attention to the Institutiones. Pulled together and published in about a year, the Institutiones was a basic textbook for beginning law students. It was based on earlier texts, including some by the great Roman jurist Gaius, and provided a general outline of legal institutions. The  Novellae Constitutiones Post Codicem After the revised Codex was published in 534, the last publication, the Novellae Constitutiones Post Codicem was issued. Known simply as the Novels in English, this publication was a collection of the new laws the emperor had issued himself. It was reissued regularly until Justinians death. With the exception of the Novels, which were almost all written in Greek, the Code of Justinian was published in Latin. The Novels also had Latin translations for the western provinces of the empire. The Code of Justinian would be highly influential through much of the Middle Ages, not only with the Emperors of Eastern Rome, but with the rest of Europe.   Resources and Further Reading Grapel, William.  The Institutes of Justinian: with the Novel as to Successions. Lawbook Exchange, Ltd., 2010.Mears, T. Lambert, et al.  Analysis of M. Ortolans Institutes of Justinian, Including the History and Generalization of Roman Law. Lawbook Exchange, 2008.

Tobacco Smoking And Its Impact On The Human Body - 796 Words

1. Tobacco smoking is one of the leading risk aspects for many diseases including cardiovascular disease (CVD), respiratory disease, and cancers of the lung and multiple other sites (Zheng, 2014). ‘Cigarette smoking and its impact on fracture healing is article based on the chemicals used in cigarettes and the impact it has on the human healing process (Carter, 2015). Whereas ‘Burden of Total and Cause-Specific Mortality’ is a research on tobacco smoking over the age of 45 in Asia and the association of smoking and death (Zheng,2014). The Other risk links to smoking like consumption of alcohol and a lack of public awareness of the risks of tobacco. (107) 2. Cigarette smoking consists of over 3000 chemical components of which nicotine is the most significant substance (Carter, 2015).Other products such as tar which is absorbed by the lungs and can cause lung cells to die, Nitric oxides that can cause respiratory tract infections and carbon monoxide, are known to damage health and impact fracture healing. Nicotine plays a significant role in hindering blood flow by stimulating the release of a class of aromatic amines from the central nervous system and activating the constriction of vessel which increases blood pressure .Carbon Monoxide definitely plays a large role in damaging tissue oxygenation by attaching itself to the hemoglobin and dethroning oxygen molecules, so reducing the delivery of oxygen to peripheral tissue (Carter, 2015). Smoking damages wounds and soft tissueShow MoreRelatedShould Smoking Be Public Places?1110 Words   |  5 Pages Will smoking be convenient in your life? Smoking is the rubbish commodity to buy, sell and to utilize it. Smoking nowadays is creating obstacles to non-smokers and in general pollution to the environment. Some people are habituated to smoking and is now have become a far- reaching issue. Due to smoking it will generate complications in the future. Smoking should be banned in public places. This includes it harms people nearby smokers, causes litter and people can be affected with long-term diseaseRead MoreHow Tobacco Affects The Human Body Essay970 Words   |  4 Pages Tobacco has more than 4000 substances in it. Nicotine is one of these chemicals in tobacco, which makes its user addicted to it. Also, Nicotine can affect the human body by speeding up the nervous system. Smokers feel more energized due to smoking tobacco. When people try to quit smoking, they experience the withdrawal effect. Many health problems are associated with smoking due to the fact that it alters how th e body is working. There are about 480,000 deaths related to smoking every yearRead MoreTobacco and Cigarette Smoking1030 Words   |  5 Pages One person dies every six seconds due to a tobacco related disease, which results in a shocking amount of ten deaths per minute. Tobacco is one of the most heavily used addictive products in the United States. Tobacco contains over 4,000 chemicals; approximately 250 are dangerously harmful to humans. Smoking is a major public health problem. All smokers face an increased risk of lung cancer, cardiovascular problems and many other disorders. Smoking should be banned due to the many health risksRead MoreCigarettes are Killing Us1489 Words   |  6 Pagessociety. Cigarettes and tobacco should become an illegal drug in North America. The negative traits of smoking outweigh the positive traits; tobacco should not be accessible to the public. â€Å"Smoking kills† these two words should be very familiar. The effects of first-hand smoke from cigarettes are pathetically publicize, barley educating the public about the dangers and life-threatening problems and illness associated with smoking. Although the understanding that smoking cigarettes can kill you hasRead MoreE Cigarettes, The Next Big Thing1612 Words   |  7 Pageswar against tobacco, or they are insidious menace that threatens to get kids hooked on nicotine and make smoking socially acceptable again† (Morin). E-cigarettes are now becoming more widespread, especially among young people. The electronic cigarette industry is growing rapidly in the United States due to the rising demand, which is stirring up opinions and research among the masses. While supporters argue that it is a safer and cheaper way of smoking and helpful for quality tobacco, opponents argueRead MoreTobacco Kills One Person Every Six Seconds (Sahil). The1678 Words   |  7 Pages To bacco kills one person every six seconds (Sahil). The use of tobacco has been around for many years, and it seems only to be getting worse. The human body is affected in an abundance of ways due to the abuse of tobacco products. If individuals would stop the use of tobacco, this would help prevent many diseases, negative health consequences and possibly early death according to their age. Tobacco use is a problem because, it causes numerous health effects on individuals, such as addiction, birthRead MoreHarmful Effects of Smoking1418 Words   |  6 PagesHarmful effects of smoking Doan Thi Huong Thao BAIU08155 International University HCMC Academic English 2 Bien Thi Thanh Mai Instructor May 17, 2010 Abstract Smoking is known to be a primary cause of harmful effects on health, family, environment and society. However, scientist research in health and environment, that researches show that smoking cause many diseases, even lung cancer. An aim of my study has been to determine that smoking also effect on family and society. Results indicatedRead MoreCancer: The Virulent Disease Essay863 Words   |  4 PagesAn ordinary human body contains approximately one trillion cells and precisely 46 chromosomes in each cell. However, the human body can be altered by a genetic mutation. Over the course of history, genetic mutations have had a large impact on the human race. They have brought harm to numerous amounts of people. Cancer, in particular, is one of the most lethal diseases. Cancer begins when a portion of DNA inside a chromosome is damaged, causing a cell to mutate. Then, the mutated cell reproduces multipleRead MoreArgumentative Essay Smoking845 Words   |  4 PagesSmoking is a silent k iller. Smoking is the process of breathing in smoke from burning cigarette, tobacco and weed into the lungs, blood stream, and brain. Smoking does many dangerous things to the body of both smokers and nonsmokers that people are not aware of due to lack of education and social influence. Nonsmoker are affected just by inhaling the air filled with smoke from smoker. So even if I don’t smoke but have people around me that smoke can impact my health negatively. Generations unbornRead More Against Tobacco Essay1542 Words   |  7 PagesAgainst Tobacco â€Å"How-To† suicide kits are readily available all across the country. They are inexpensive and easy to purchase at the young age of eighteen! Sounds ridiculous, right? Maybe. Maybe not. I am referring to tobacco products. They are among some of the top selling products in our country, and a large contributor to our cancer epidemic

Stakeholder Local Environmental Group †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Stakeholder Local Environmental Group. Answer: Introduction The reported below used 2016 Annual Report with particular focus on the sustainability to help the Local Environmental Group understand how best Alumina Limited engages in practices and operations that might harm the environment and the mechanism that the company is undertaking both proactive and reactive ones to mitigate the effects to the environment. The report basically examines Alumina Limiteds commitment to report on the non-financial performance highlighted on its sustainability policy and its commitment to high-levels of transparent disclosure. The report will make the Local Community Group where Alcoa World Alumina and Chemicals (AWAC) undertakes its operations that may greatly affect the environment if unchecked. The report will mainly covers AWAC operations where the highest sustainability impact depends. The report will help provide an easy access to the consolidated information regarding the sustainability performance of AWAC and culminate in greater understanding of quality and value of such assets. Interpretation Alumina Limited Profile The Company is a leading Australian firm listed on the ASX and trades in the United States on OTCQX market. Alumina invest globally in bauxite mining, chosen aluminium smelting operations and alumina refining via its forty percent ownership of AWAC. The Alcoa is Aluminas partner Alcoa Corporation which owns the remaining sixty percent of AWAC and Alcoa Corporation is the manager. Alumina Limited is a typical representation of a distinct opportunity for the AWAC pure investment, one of global biggest producers of bauxite and alumina. Alumina has a clear understanding of the fundamental association between AWACs long-run profitability and sustainability of AWACs operating performance. The decisions made today by Alumina is clearly understood by Alumina Limited to have direct influence on future economic, environmental as well as social outcomes. The Alumina Limited acknowledges that sustainable development alongside growth remains fundamental to AWAC and hence recognize Alcoa Corporati on as the global leader in the corporate sustainable development. Sustainability: Overview Alumina Limited and Alcoa Corporation share a common belief that the impacts of its business stretch past its corporate borders thereby affecting social, economic and environmental elements of the stakeholders. Alumina Limited recognizes stakeholders to range from individuals affected directly by business; workers, suppliers, customers, shareholders, and the public in localities AWAC operates to those individuals impacted indirectly like uses of end product. Such a recognition is important to the Local Community Group (chosen stakeholder) to which report is intended since their objective is to protect all these mentioned stakeholders. Alumina Limited holds that to operate sustainably, the company has to acknowledge the responsibilities to such several interested parties and subsequently act accordingly (Kurup, Altham and Van 2005). AWAC has harnessed the resourcefulness, competency, capability as well as strength of the workforce thereby developing business responsibly and establishing a positive legacy for its several stakeholders that this local group seeks to protect (Deegan and Islam 2012). The sustainable operations of AWAC are driven by the belief that sustainability regards working more efficiently and effectively to enhance environmental outcomes as well restrain the environmental impact, enhance quality of life (QoL) of individual impacted by the operations of AWAC including AWAC employees safety and health thereby driving business performance and long-run value to its stakeholders. Alumina Limited is effective since it believe that sustainability goals must be integrated into business strategy as well as processes instead of a subordinate attempt that risks dilution. Despite being non-operating partner in AWAC, Alumina turn to, and support, Alcoa (global leader of best-practice sustainability), operating manager of AWAC, it its programs that drive sustainability (Fergusson 2014). Sustainability Material Risk and Long-run Objectives The Energy Usage Alumina Limited has effective availed information that helps check on the potential impact on sustainability of AWAC and long-run global objectives have been established by Alcoa to mitigate impacts. The company recognizes that energy is an important element in production of alumina and Aluminium. The firm has presented measures taken to ensure energy is used in an efficient manner as energy efficiency remains a key factor in sustainable environment performance. The report outlines that Almina Limited uses a 2005 as baseline where it has set a target to ensure ten percent reduction in energy intensity of the AWACs global operations by 2020 and this is expected to be 15% by 2030. Water Management and Security Alumina Limited report has clearly outlined the measures that are undertaken to ensue effective management of water and security. The company recognizes in its report that water is essential raw material utilized at each point of mining, smelting and refining operations of AWAC. The report reveals that the company is keen to ensure water sustainability as its scarcity will greatly impact AWACs production, costs, and performance financially. The report uses the 2005 baseline and projects a twenty-five reduction in average freshwater-usage intensity alongsidde30% by year 2030. Emissions The report recognizes the need to reduce emissions because production of Aluminium remains an energy-intensive operations. It recognizes how significantly carbon footing is affected by electricity energy provider. The report identifies clearly that Greenhouse gas emission (GHG) are natural corollary to the energy-intensive AWACs operations. The firm has subsequently highlighted in the report the need to set targets for reduction in both direct and indirect carbon dioxide equivalent intensity for international operations by 30% by 2020 and 35% by 2030. Land Management and Rehabilitation The report identifies bauxite mining as a contributor to most land being disturbed by operation of AWAC. The company recognizes the need to commit to minimize disturbances of original habitat. For this reason, AWAC work closely with community and regulatory stakeholders towards the restoration of such lands impacted to most productive use feasible, encompassing, where possible, re-establishing conditions for pre-operation. The report identifies the seriousness of Alumina Limited to achieve aggressive minimum environmental footprint for every mine by 2020. Waste The report clearly highlights the extent to which Alumina and Aluminum processing create waste product. It gives all information indicating that the most significant waste is bauxite residue approximated to be 1.5 tonne of residue result a tonne of produced alumina. The reports highlights that Alumina Limited prioritizes the minimization of waste via innovative process alongside alternative use for waste products to reduce environmental footprint of AWAC. The company has set to rehabilitate thirty percent of total bauxite residue storage region by 2020 which is expected to hit 40% by 2030. The company also aims at recycling or reusing fifteen percent of bauxite residue produced by 2020 and thirty percent by 2030. The company has also set to reduce bauxite residue land requirement a unit of alumina generated since 2005 by fifteen- and thirty by 2020 and 2030 in that order. Workforce Health and Safety The report highlights how strong systems and focused safety culture committed to endless enhancement are used to manage safety in the complex mining alongside manufacturing environment of AWAC. The report shows how substantial intellectual, system and financial resources investment has been done by Alcoa to ensure workforce health and safety by understanding the core drivers of safety behavior. The report indicates that Alumina Limited undertake such investment to get rid of facilities and serious injuries from operations of AWAC. The companys objective is zero fatalities and serious injuries as well as illness. Sustainability Approach Alumina Limited supports Alcoa to manage AWAC thereby achieving best practices in safety, environment, community as well as financial performance via strong, collaborative as well as informed governance. Alumina Limited together with Alcoa review AWACs long-run sustainability objectives and strategies. The report also outlines that Alumina Limited supports sustainability practices and policies implemented by Alcoa in AWAC to guarantee sustainable operations (Solutions 2016). The companys Board always assess any potential risks to environment via its own risk assessment processes. Adherence to Environmental Regulation Australian AWAC operations adheres strictly to several Commonwealth alongside state laws that govern the environment protection in water and air quality, emission of waste and disposal, assessment of environmental impact, rehabilitation of mine, access and use of ground water (Corder, Van, Lay and Van 2006). Most AWAC operation adhere to licensing requirement to conduct activities under environmental protection legislation of state of operation. AWAC also adhere to specific licences to subject site requirement. Sustainability Challenges The report has recognized some of the sustainability challenges that the Local Community Group need to acknowledge. The processes that are used by the company are highly aluminium and resource intensive which a key challenge to sustainability. Refining alumina from the bauxite calls for substantial energy in terms of steam and heat. Smelting Aluminium consumes substantial amount of electricity used in the conversion of alumina into aluminium metal through an electrolysis process (Cooling 2007). Whereas the alumina and aluminium production produce significant social and economic benefits, Alumina Limited remain mindful of need to balance such activities with responsible environmental stewardship to allow the minimization of adverse impacts on the local environment as well as the neighboring communities (Mudd 2007). Some of the key sustainability challenges that faced AWAC have been clearly identified. There was a challenge of energy sources for the energy intensive business but the company has engaged the experts to assess the potential of harnessing solar energy to reduce the impacts on the environment. The company also faced a challenge of improving energy efficiency in order to conserve energy as well as reduce related emission for sustainable environment (Beers, Bossilkov, Corder and Berkel 2007). The firm further face a challenge of bauxite residue as well as storage to reduce footprints as well as move towards alternative utilization for residue but the company has since introduce new technology for filtration. The company also faced a sustainability challenge of reducing carbon emission in order to enhance emissions intensity as well as reduce the absolute emissions. There was also a problem of water management to reduce the usage of freshwater. Further, Alumina Limited faced a challenge of minimizing impacts to biodiversity and land. Environmental Improvement Plans The Alcoa has taken the front foot strategy towards addressing the climate change by working closely with local communities. Alumina Limited is also working with the local communities to reduce the greenhouse emission via energy efficiency, productivity enhancement as well as technological innovations (Andrew and Cortese 2011). This is done by preparing environmental improvement plans (EIPs) for every location. Many of Alumina Limited operations in Australia engage with local communities when developing such EIPs. These plans are public commitments to endlessly improve environment performance, decrease environmental impacts as well as developing more sustainable practices. The EIPs help deliver enhanced transparency as well as accountability (Van and Bossilkov 2004). Conclusion The Local Community Group needs to understand the policies and strategies that Alumina Limited have taken to ensure sustainable environment. From the analysis, it clear that Alumina Limiteds report presents detailed information on how it ensures limited impacts on environment despite its high amount of waste and greenhouse gas emission and intensive energy requirements. Understanding these policies, practices and strategies will make the Local Community Group (selected stakeholder) meets its needs of ensuring that all the other stakeholders of Alumina Limited are protected from the Companys operations. It will help the stakeholder to adopt such policies, practices and strategies as a teaching tool to help create awareness in the local community to conserve environment. The Group also needs to advice other companies to remain sustainable. Therefore, this report provides them the platform through which they will acquire the best practices as adopted by Alumina Limited to reduce negative impacts of their operations on the environment. The report has also availed the specific environmental regulations that Alumina Limited must adhere to, such information is of great interest to this stakeholder in creating awareness. The limitation of the report is that it does not shown in monetary terms the impacts of the AWAC operations on the environment. It would have been appropriate for the report to reveal its cost to environment or the negative externalities it creates. Such an information would have helped the Group to understand how much the operations affect the environment and come with suggestions on how Alumina Limited can pay for such costs. References Andrew, J. and Cortese, C.L., 2011. Carbon disclosures: Comparability, the carbon disclosure project and the greenhouse gas protocol. Australasian Accounting, Business andFinance Journal, 5(4), pp.5-18. Beers, D., Bossilkov, A., Corder, G. and Berkel, R., 2007. Industrial symbiosis in the Australian minerals industry: the cases of Kwinana and Gladstone. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 11(1), pp.55-72. Cooling, D.J., 2007. Improving the sustainability of residue management practices-Alcoa World Alumina Australia. Paste and Thickened Tailings: A Guide, 316. Corder, G., van Beers, D., Lay, J. and van Berkel, R., 2006, June. Benefits and success factors of regional resource synergies in Gladstone and Kwinana. In Green Processing Conference (pp. 5-6). Deegan, C. and Islam, M.A., 2012. Corporate commitment to sustainabilityIs it all hot air? An Australian review of the linkage between executive pay and sustainable performance. Australian Accounting Review, 22(4), pp.384-397. Fergusson, L., 2014. A sustainability framework for the beneficial reuse of alumina refinery residue. Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering, Science and Technology, 1, pp.105-120.Finance Kurup, B., Altham, W. and Van Berkel, R., 2005, February. Triple bottom line accounting applied for industrial symbiosis. In 4th Australian Life Cycle assessment Conference, Sydney, Australia (pp. 23-25). Mudd, G.M., 2007. The sustainability of mining in Australia: key production trends and their environmental implications. Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University and Mineral Policy Institute, Melbourne. Solutions, R., 2016. Residue management sustainability review: Aughinish Alumina Limited. Van Berkel, R. and Bossilkov, A., 2004. Sustainable development reporting in the Australian minerals processing industry. Green Processing, 2004, pp.185-195.

In Act I Scene II Of Hamlet, Gertrude Asks Hamlet, Why Seems It So Par

In Act I Scene II of Hamlet, Gertrude asks Hamlet, "Why seems it so particular with thee?" Since death is common to all, she asks, why does Hamlet seem to be making such a particular fuss about his father's death? He replies, "Seems Madam? Nay it is. I know not seems." It is not a question of seeming, but being: His black mourning clothes are simply a true representation of his deep unhappiness. With this line, Shakespeare develops the theme of appearance versus reality and that he intends to stress Hamlet's dedication to truth in contrast to appearances which serve others, notably Claudius. Allied to the question of Hamlet's madness is a variety of references to the idea of acting a part or of presenting a false image to the world. Hamlet demands honesty, but is he himself always honest? Many characters, at various times, seem to be playing parts, and the troupe of players is in the play as an active reminder that in real life a person can play many roles, and it is not always easy to tell what is true from what only appears to be true. Polonius, the King's royal assistant, has a preoccupation with appearance. He always wants to keep up the appearance of loving and caring person. Polonius appears like a man who loves and cares about his son, Laertes. Before Laertes leaves to Paris, Polonius speaks to his son with advice that sounds sincere, but in reality is rehearsed, hollow, and without feeling. Polonius gives his advice only to appear to be the loving caring father. He tries to teach Polonius how to "seem," and how to show himself publically. The reality is he only speaks to appear sincere as a politician, to look good rather then actually be good: And borrowing dulls the edge of husbandry. This above all: to thine own self be true, And it must follow, as the night the day, Thou canst not then be false to any man. Farewell; my blessing season this in thee! (Act 1, Scene 3 lines 77 - 81) Climaxing his rather long speech, this change of tone can only be taken ironically. As Polonius gives his son Laertes his blessi ng to go away, he sends Reynaldo, a spy to follow him and keep an eye on him. This shows his lack of trust for anyone. He gives the appearance of a confident father who trusts his son to go off on his own. Polonius further adds to the theme appearance verses reality by ordering Ophelia to stop seeing Hamlet. He lies to her telling her that Hamlet does not love her, he only lusts for her, when in truth he does love her: "Ay, springes to catch woodcocks. I do know, When the blood burns, how prodigal the soul." (Act 1, Scene 3 lines 115 behind the mask there lies someone totally different. Claudius' conduct in council gives him the appearance of an honest and honorable man. In Act one Scene two, Claudius, in the presence of the council, shows his true skill and ease of manner at speaking. Claudius speaks well of the spent king by showing a general love for him by all his subjects. Claudius shows respect for the old sovereign by speaking kind words of him. In reality he cares little for the old king, he speaks kindly only to give the appearance of loving brother. "Though yet of Hamlet our dear brother's death, The memory be green, and that it us befitted To bear our hearts in grief, and our whole kingdom To be contracted in one brow of woe." (Act 1, Scene 2 lines 1 - 4) As Claudius sends Voltimand and Cornelius off to give the king of Norway the message of Fortinbras, he thanks and gives them complete trust, in the deliverance of the notation. This shows his trust and caring for his subjects in front of the council, winning even more consent from the council: "We doubt it nothing: heartily farewell." (Act 1, Scene 2

General McClellan AP US History essays

General McClellan AP US History essays The removal of General McClellan represents a lost for the army of the Potomac and a victory for the interfering politicians in Washington. General McClellan is an officer whom proved to be better at organization and training than at fighting. His removal left the army of the Potomac without a brilliant strategist and organizer, but a victory to the interfering politicians in Washington because of his failure in following executive orders. His failure to follow Lincolns orders on the Virginia front cost him Richmond during his unsuccessful peninsular campaign. His failure to act and attack allowed Lee to escape in the Battle of Antietam. President Abraham Lincoln believed that the Union troops should move directly against the Confederates at Manassas, Virginia, but McClellan disagreed and advanced on Richmond from the east. Lincoln agreed with McClellan that an attempt should be made to capture Richmond. Lincoln favored an overland invasion route. McClellan, however, insisted on moving the Army of the Potomac by a roundabout water route, sailing his troops to the York peninsula and advancing on Richmond from the east. The turning point of the peninsular campaign was reached in the Seven Days' Battle fought between June 25 and July 1, in which the Confederate forces suffered the greater losses, but were able, because of Lee's adroit maneuvering, to force McClellan to retreat. Several stubborn battles, including the battles of Savage's Station, Frayser's Farm, and Malvern Hill, were fought in the course of the retreat, but McClellan was able to lead his troops back to the James River, where he gained the support of g unboats of the Union navy. The campaign was a failure, however, and the Union army was forced to abandon the attempt to take Richmond. The Confederate success in saving the capital gave a new impetus to the Southern war effort. The president was dissatisfied with the campaign, and McClellan was superse...

Why hotel firms choose to integrate both vertically and horizontally Essay

Why hotel firms choose to integrate both vertically and horizontally within the wider tourism industry - Essay Example The purpose of a business is to get and keep a customer. As hotel firms are dynamically evolving entities operating within a dynamically evolving environment, some means of evaluation of the way in which the two interact has to be found to enable them to be better matched. In order to achieve these goals tourism and hospitality industry choose to integrate both vertically and horizontally to meet the needs of their customers and achieve overall objectives. It should be mentioned that integration is development beyond the present product and market, but still within the broad confines of the 'industry' within which the company operates: for example, Sheraton and Crowne Plaza are diversified corporations, but virtually all their interests are in the consumer service industry. Integration both vertical and horizontal therefore builds on the assets or activities which the firm has developed in service or market terms (Nebel, 1991). 1.1. Vertical integration. Vertical integration is a broader term used to describe either backward or forward integration. Backward integration is popular in tourism and hospitality industry. It refers to development into activities which are concerned with the inputs into the company's current business (i.e. are further back in the value system). Backward integration is important for tourism and hospitality industry because it refers to development into activities which are concerned with a company's outputs (i.e. are further forward in the value system), such as transport, distribution, repairs and servicing (Powers, Barrows, 2002). 1.2. Horizontal integration. Horizontal integration refers to development into activities which are competitive with, or directly complementary to, a company's present activities. A lending library's extension into tourist information or video cassette material would be an example (Stutts, 2001). The acquisition of, or merger with, a competitor would be one way of achieving this, for example. The strategic logic behind horizontal development is typically to gain leverage or market power over suppliers or buyers. Higher volume generally confers greater scale economies in purchasing whereas larger product market share confers greater pricing power over customers. 2. The role of vertical integration in hospitality and tourism industry Backward vertical development is movement towards a supplier of resources used by the business. This might be an attempt to secure supply of a key resource or to gain a cost advantage over competitors by 'locking in' a supplier. Conversely, forward vertical development is growth towards the next stage in the supply chain by gaining an interest in a buyer of the company's outputs. In both cases, the strategic logic is to secure a foothold in the same supply chain to guarantee supply or distribution. This degree of vertical integration was unusual in an industry which had become characterised by specialist companies concentrating on just one of these roles. The company believed the strength of its philosophy was that one division could help out another when times got hard, as in the recession of the early 1990s. For example, although demand for low rate hotels had declined, but standard services had experienced strong. As a result, the low rate hotels h

Financial Statement Analysis Fundamental Analysis and Valuation Essay - 1

Financial Statement Analysis Fundamental Analysis and Valuation - Essay Example Moreover, taxation Abercrombie & Fitch Company was higher in the year 2015 as compared to year 2014 depicting that the company had relatively higher sales in the present financial year. The present share price is $29.4 with total shares of 73.4 billion in both financial years. The net financial asset of the company is 1,729.5 million whilst the company adjusts share-based compensation expense on a quarterly basis for the real forfeitures. The company current inventory is valued at $ 2.8 billion (Wahlen et al. 124-189). Commodities of the company are enduring and cool, which depicts longer average lifespan of current share price. Current Share price is higher compared to the previous years prior to the financial crisis when the share price. The shares of Abercrombie & Fitch Company have reduced from 51.07 to 29.4 in the pre-market trading. Thus, an individual ought to hold on the present shares to monitor the prevailing behaviour in the year 2015 regarding the shares price. Moreover, the prices of the shares are likely to further decrease in their share